In the context of the universal two-child policy, this paper investigates the impact of grandparent care and formal childcare on fertility desire of secondchild based on the national fertility survey conducted in 2017. Using binary logistic regression and propensity score matching methods, we find that both of the two childcare modes have significant effects on the fertility desire of secondchild but their influencing directions are opposite: the grandparent care significantly increases the propensity to have the second child, while the formal childcare has a negative impact. Further study shows that the number of kindergartens per capita in prefecturelevel cities plays a positive moderating effect, weakening the role of formal childcare in reducing the fertility desire, while the average childcare costs in prefecturelevel cities play a negative moderating effect, strengthening the negative effect of formal childcare on fertility desire of the second child. Therefore, this paper suggests that increasing the supply of affordable public childcare services is the most effective policy to increase the fertility desire to have a second child.

One of the major purposes of the household registration system ( Hukou) reform is to promote population migration to the big cities by removing urban-rural Hukou barriers and administra- tive intervention mechanism of resources allocation through abolishing the resident special status and lowering the settlement threshold in the big cities．This paper analyzes the impact of Hukou reform on population migration using urban panel data from 2000 to 2014 from 123 big cities in China both at the national level and by city size and region．The results show that implementation of unified reform of the household registration management system and the house or regular income based settlement policy can attract population migration to the big cities at the national level．At the city level，the Hukou reform has significant positive impact on population migration for cities below 2 million people．At the regional level，an increasingly stronger impact is observed from the eastern to the western region．